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高科技还是伪科学:藏獒DNA检测的可信度如何?

06-26

高科技还是伪科学:藏獒DNA检测的可信度如何?

前言:

DNA检测藏獒是哗众取宠还是行之有效?各位看官且慢慢看来!


严格来讲犬种的鉴别无非两种方式:


第一种按照犬种特征去对比所检测犬只个体是否符合,然后看其后代是否稳定且符合该犬种特征(侧重经验,有可能误判)。


第二种:采用科学的基因分析对比,检测犬只DNA是否符合该犬种的DNA样本(有一定成本,准确)。


DNA检测


藏獒的争论一直存在且经久不衰,喜欢藏獒的朋友从历史文化/地理变迁/物种演变等等各种方面进行论证但依然没有结果。

关于藏獒的标准有93河曲/藏獒标准-2002甘肃版本包括国外的AKC/FCI等。

近年来出现了DNA检测,其中比较多出现在藏獒圈子内的有国内的中科(争论巨大,缺乏公信力);号称国内第一家犬种DNA检测的萌宠基因;另一个则是美国的例如MARS旗下的wisdom panel ,该检测可以对比276个品种;

Embark Veterinary 2015年成立,官方介绍可以排除250种以上的狗,但实际犬种明细介绍只有246种?(不知道是不是笔者统计错误?)。

这两家目前可能代表行业的最高水平。

那么DNA检测到底靠谱吗?我个人进行了一下验证。

检测獒犬:马克血黄色獒犬和莱德血铁包金獒犬


检测结果:100%藏獒

我所选这些犬只均是北京农科院藏獒基地繁育的种犬或其后代,多年来无论个体还是后代均已经验证了遗传的稳定。也就是符合第一种纯种犬的验证方法。但是还未进行DNA的检测。

选用产品:Mars Veterinary Wisdom Panel 3.0 品种鉴定 DNA 试剂盒



基本过程如下:


1:采集样本

2:封存样本,激活对应ID

3:寄回美国MARS进行DNA检测


以检测犬只狮王为例描述其过程如下:

首先提取有用的DNA;然后培养成可检测的DNA样本;电脑数据分析对比

这些过程大约3周左右,狮王的样本是中国时间7-11日早上收到的,结果是8月1日收到的。美国时间7-31日。




过程:

SHI WANG's e-DNA is run through our sophisticated breed detection algorithm. Then SHI WANG's unique genetic profile is compared with more than 17 million different family trees created from the breed signatures in our extensive database to find the best match. This is also the stage where, depending on the test type, SHI WANG’s DNA would also be sent through the advanced disease-detection process, and a "clear", "carrier", or "at-risk" status is determined.

狮王的e-DNA通过我们先进的品种检测算法运行。然后将狮王的独特基因谱与我们广泛的数据库中的品种签名创建的1700多万种不同的家谱进行比较,以找到最佳匹配。这也是一个阶段,根据测试类型,狮王的DNA也将通过先进的疾病检测过程发送,并确定“清除”,“携带者”或“有风险”状态。

检测结果第一页 100%

THE SCIENCE

once your sample reaches our lab, it’s scanned into our database and assigned a batch for testing. The DNA from SHI WANG’s cells is extracted so we can examine it against 1800+ genetic markers. We then take a close look at SHI WANG’s DNA, in a process called genotyping, comparing the results, known as genotypes, with the genotypes of more than 15,000 breed samples in our database. Those results are then fed into a computer that evaluates them, using an algorithm that considers all of the possible pedigree trees going back three generations, or to SHI WANG’s great-grandparents. A staggering 17,000,000+ combinations of possible ancestry trees are considered before being narrowed down to 11 final trees The tree with the best overall score is what you see in SHI WANG’s final, personalised report. All of this takes roughly three weeks.

译文:一旦您的样品到达我们的实验室,它就会扫描到我们的数据库并分配一批进行测试。提取了狮王细胞的DNA,因此我们可以对1800多种遗传标记进行检测。然后我们在一个称为基因分型的过程中仔细研究狮王的DNA,将结果(称为基因型)与我们数据库中超过15,000个品种样本的基因型进行比较。然后将这些结果输入到评估它们的计算机中,使用一种算法,该算法考虑了所有可能的三代树谱,或者是SHI WANG的曾祖父母。在缩小到11棵最终树之前,考虑了17,000,000多种可能的祖先树的组合。总体得分最高的树就是你在狮王的最终个性化报告中看到的。所有这些大约需要三周时间。


ALL BREEDS ANALYZED

WISDOM PANEL™ DNA tests cover the most extensive range of breeds on the market. Following are the genetics groups and all the individual breeds within each group that we tested SHI WANG for. A blue check mark indicates the group where we found the pure breeds you saw in SHI WANG’s chart.

译文:分析的所有样本:WISDOM PANEL™DNA测试涵盖了市场上最广泛的品种。以下是我们测试狮王的每个组内的遗传组和所有个体品种。蓝色复选标记表示我们在狮王的图表中找到的纯种品种。

可以看到狮王的对比结果属于藏獒


亚洲的18个品种 包括:

秋田 阿拉斯加克里凯 阿拉斯加雪橇 加拿大爱斯基摩犬 中国沙皮 松狮 欧亚大陆犬 北海道犬 金多犬 甲斐犬 纪州犬 莱卡犬 萨摩耶 柴犬 四国犬 西伯利亚雪橇犬 泰国脊背犬 藏獒

伴侣犬:32种

猴梗 美国爱斯基摩 卷毛比熊 波洛格尼斯狗 布鲁塞尔粗毛猎犬 大陆玩赏犬 芬兰猎犬 德国狐狸犬 图立耳犬 冰岛牧羊犬 哈瓦那犬 日本下巴 日本银狐犬 荷兰毛狮犬 拉普兰牧犬 拉萨阿普索犬 罗秦犬 马尔济斯犬 米其犬 北欧猎犬 挪威牧羊犬

挪威猎鹿犬 玩赏犬 北京犬 博美 八哥 俄罗斯毛犬 西藏梗 狮子狗 瑞典柯基 西藏猎犬

警卫犬:23种

牧羊犬:43种

猎犬:24种

中东和非洲:11种

山地狗:9种

视觉猎犬:9种

运动犬:49种

梗犬:56种

野生犬科:2种 郊狼狼

由于翻译困难就不再具体罗列所有的犬种名称,总计276个品种与狮王的样本进行了比对。


狮王的血缘来历

HERE'S HOW WE WORKED OUT SHI WANG'S ANCESTRY

First, we took SHI WANG’s DNA and generated a unique profile using 1800+ DNA markers, which were fed into our advanced computer algorithm. The algorithm analyzed SHI WANG’s DNA profile and compared it with signatures from our database of over 15,000 purebred samples.

Each of the millions of possible family tree combinations were then given a score based on how well they matched. The tree with the best overall score is what you see here. At the very top is SHI WANG. The next level down is the parents (though we don't identify specifically which side is mom and which is dad). Next are grandparents and finally at the bottom, are SHI WANG's great-grandparents.


译文:

首先,我们采用了狮王的DNA,并使用1800+ DNA标记生成了一个独特的图谱,并将其输入到我们的先进计算机算法中。该算法分析了狮王的DNA谱,并将其与我们的15,000多个纯种样本数据库中的签名进行了比较。

然后根据它们的匹配程度给出数百万个可能的家族树组合中的每一个。总分最高的树就是你在这里看到的。最顶端是狮王。下一级是父母(虽然我们没有具体确定哪一方是妈妈,哪一方是爸爸)。接下来是祖父母,最后是底层,是狮王的曾祖父母。

狮王的证书

This certifies the authenticity of SHI WANG's canine genetic background as determined, following the careful analysis of more than 1800 genetic markers, by the WISDOM PANEL™ Canine DNA Test. The purebred breed signature matches included in the analysis are those that were detected in the last three generations of SHI WANG's ancestry using the Wisdom Health proprietary breed detection algorithm.

译文:通过WISDOM PANEL™犬DNA测试,经过对1800多种遗传标记的仔细分析,确认了狮王的犬遗传背景的真实性。分析中包含的纯种品种特征匹配是使用Wisdom Health专有品种检测算法在狮王的祖先的最后三代中检测到的。


我们的家谱分析表明,根据WISDOM PANEL™数据库中的样本,狮王非常类似于单一品种。我们免费提供了一些额外的测试,以便在更多细节中对此进行调查。


Single Breed Comparison单一品种分析

This analysis shows the relationship between SHI WANG and the Tibetan Mastiff samples in our database with each individual dog represented as a dot. The closer the dots on the chart the closer the genetic relationship. SHI WANG’s sample falls within the Tibetan Mastiff cluster showing that SHI WANG’s genetic profile closely resembles the other dogs from this breed in the Wisdom Panel database.

这个分析显示了狮王和我们数据库中的藏獒样本之间的关系,每只狗都用一个点表示。图表上的点越近,遗传关系越接近。狮王的样本属于藏獒群集,显示狮王的遗传特征与Wisdom Panel数据库中此品种的其他狗非常相似。


Single Breed Vs. All Breeds

Here we have compared SHI WANG’s data to Tibetan Mastiff samples, and also a single representative sample from the other breeds in the WISDOM PANEL database. This is another way of showing that SHI WANG’s data is more like the Tibetan Mastiff than any other breed. SHI WANG’s DNA sample falls near the boundary of the Tibetan Mastiff cluster, showing that SHI WANG's genetic profile closely resembles the other dogs from this breed in the WISDOM PANEL database.

在这里,我们将狮王的数据与藏獒样本进行了比较,并将WISDOM PANEL数据库中其他品种的单个代表性样本进行了比较。这是另一种表明SHI WANG的数据更像藏獒的数据,而不是任何其他品种。狮王的DNA样本落在藏獒群的边界附近,表明狮王的基因谱在WISDOM PANEL数据库中与该品种的其他狗非常相似。


Homozygosity纯合性

Homozygosity is a measure of how many of SHI WANG’s genetic markers are identical because the same version was passed down from both the mother and father. Purebred dogs tend to have a higher homozygosity score than most mixed breed dogs, and each breed within the WISDOM PANEL database has a specific range of scores. SHI WANG’s homozygosity score falls within the range for the Tibetan Mastiff samples found in the WISDOM PANEL database.

纯合性

纯合性是衡量狮王的遗传标记中有多少是相同的,因为同一版本是从母亲和父亲那里传下来的。与大多数混种犬相比,纯种犬的纯合子得分更高,WISDOM PANEL数据库中的每个品种都有特定的得分范围。狮王的纯合子得分属于WISDOM PANEL数据库中发现的藏獒样本的范围。

狮王的健康


SHI WANG has no copies of the MDR1 mutation and should not be affected by the disorder due to this genetic cause.

狮王没有MDR1突变的遗传,不应该因这种遗传原因而受到这种疾病的影响。


狮王的体重范围

CALCULATING WEIGHT

Our weight-predictive algorithm uses a combination of the following to calculate SHI WANG's ideal, adult weight:

  • The published weight ranges of more than 200 purebred dogs.
  • The observed weights of purebred dogs, each with an ideal Body Condition Score, from the Banfield® Pet Hospital database.
  • Breeds the WISDOM PANEL™ test analysis has identified that reflect a dog's true heritage and genetic complexity.
  • A genetic algorithm based on mixed-breed data that calculates the contribution of each set of chromosomal genetic markers.
  • 1计算重量我们的体重预测算法使用以下组合来计算狮王的理想成熟体重:公布的重量范围超过200只纯种狗。从班菲尔德宠物医院数据库中观察到的纯种犬的重量,每只狗都有理想的身体状况评分。品种WISDOM PANEL™测试分析已经确定反映了狗的真正遗产和遗传复杂性。基于混合品种数据的遗传算法,计算每组染色体遗传标记的贡献。



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